هيوا إبراهيم قادر
جامعة صلاح الدين – أربيل/ كليه القانون
Email: Hewa.qadir@su.edu.krd
الملخص
ينشأ العقد من التقاء إرادتين (إيجاب وقبول) لإحداث أثر قانوني، ولإبرام العقد يشترط توافر أركان ثلاثة، هي التراضي والمحل والسبب، فضلاً عن ركن الشكلية إذا نص عليه القانون. ويعد التراضي أهم أركان العقد، حيث يستلزم هذا الركن وجود التراضي فضلاً عن صحته. أي أنه لا يكفي لإبرام العقد وجود التراضي من خلال التعبير عن الإرادة وإنما يجب أن يكون هذا التراضي صحيحاً، ويكون كذلك إذا كان التعبير عن الإرادة صادراً عن شخص يتمتع بأهلية الأداء وسليماً من عيوب الإرادة أو ما يسمى بعيوب التراضي. وقد نظم المشرع العراقي في المواد (112-125) من القانون المدني العراقي رقم (40) لسنة 1951، عيوب الإرادة وقسمها إلى الإكراه والغلط والتغرير مع الغبن والاستغلال، ووضع لكل منها أحكاماً معينة بحيث تؤثر على مدى صحة التراضي ومن ثم انعقاد العقد. وكان للأستاذ المرحوم الدكتور مصطفى إبراهيم الزلمي ملاحظات قيمة في هذا المجال بخصوص معالجة المشرع العراقي والتشريعات المقارنة لعيوب التراضي، ويهدف هذا البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على ملاحظات الزلمي بخصوص عيوب التراضي وبيان الانتقادات الموجهة للتنظيم القانوني لهذه العيوب في التشريعات المقارنة وما قدمه الزلمي من مقترحات في هذا المجال مع بيان رأينا المتواضع كلما استلزم الأمر وذلك بالاعتماد على المنهج التحليلي المقارن. الكلمات الدالة: الزلمي، عيوب الإرادة، الغلط، الإكراه، التغرير، الغبن، الاستغلال
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