تاريخ مدينة أربيل من واقع الرحالة في العصر العثمانى – SUE Conferences

تاريخ مدينة أربيل من واقع الرحالة في العصر العثمانى

تاريخ مدينة أربيل من واقع الرحالة في العصر العثمانى

[رحلتى كارستن نيبور 1766م , وجمس بكنجهام  1816م] نموذجاً.

الدكتور / صلاح أحمد هريدي على

مصر/ جامعـــة دمنهور / كليـــــــة الآداب / قســــــم التاريخ

DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.31972/ISCHKK19.008

تتناول هذة الدراسة تاريخ مدينة أربيل من واقع كتابات الرحالة فى العصر العثمانى رحلتي كارستن نيبور 1766م، وجيمس بكنجهام 1816 م نموذجاً، وتمت الرحلة  الأولى فى النصف الثانى من القرن الثامن عشر، والرحلة الثانية النصف الأول من القرن التاسع عشر وترجع أهمية هذة الدراسة الى أن هاتين الرحلتين تمت فى فترات تاريخية مختلفة، ولا شك فإنها تلقى الضوء على تاريخ المدينة السياسي والإقتصادى والإجتماعى، حيث كانت مدينة أربيل من أوائل المدن العراقية التى دخلت تحت السيطرة العثمانية بعد موقعة جالديران  عام 1514 م .

حيث جعل العثمانيون من أربيل سنجقاً تابع لولاية بغداد خلال القرن السادس عشر، ثم التحقت بولاية شهرزود، ومع بداية القرن الثامن عشر ألغى العثمانيون ولاية شهرزود، من التقسيمات الإدارية للعراق .

أما الرحالة كارستن نيبور ( 1733ـــــــــــــ 1815 م )، ولد فى هانوفر فى عام 1733 م، وإشتغل فلاحاً فى بداية شبابه وتعلم المساحة وانضم فى سنة 1760 م إلى الحملة الإستكشافية التى ينظمها الملك فردريك الخامس – ملك الدنمارك – إلى كل من الجزيرة العربية وسوريا ومصر لينقلوا له صورة حية دقيقة فى هذة المناطق .وقد أدى نيبور مهمته على خير وجه وضمنها عدة كتب، منه الكتاب الذى ترجم عن الإنجليزية ثم عاد إلى وطنه عام 1767 م، بعد 7 سنوات قضاها متجولاً فى الشرق و توفى فى ملدورف ” هولستائين ” فى 29 إبريل 1815م .

ونيبور كان العضو الوحيد من أعضاء البعثة الذى بقى حياً، فقد لقى الآخرون حتفهم. وقد طار صيت نيبور بين المؤرخين والعلماء ومازال .[1]

أما الرحالة جيمس بكنجهام [1786 – 1855م]، واسمه بالكامل جيمس سلك بكنجهام، ولد فى قرية بالقرب من مدينة فالموت بإنجلترا من أب مزارع ومنذ أن شب اغرم بالبحر، فانفق سنواته فيه، وما لبث أن انتقل إلى الهند، فاشتغل فى إحدى دوائر شركة الهند الشرقية الإنجليزية، سنوات عديدة ثم انفصل عنها لينشئ صحيفة كليكتا Calcutt journal”  “.

وقد نجحت جريدته نجاحاً كبيراً لما كان يكتبه فيها من نقد لأعمال شركة الهند الشرقية الإنجليزية وما يعالجه من شئون الهند  بروح فيها شئ كثير من العدل والإنصاف.


1ـ نيبوركارستن، الشرق بعيون مشاهدات رحالة ألمانى عن الشرق، منذ أكثر من 200 عام، الوثيقة البحرين، 1983 م، ص 176 .

المراجع:

– باسيلى نيكتيين

الكرد، دراسة سوسيولوجية وتاريخية، تقديم لويس لويس ماستيون، نقله من الفرنسية وعلق عليه، نوره طالبانى، مكتبة الفكر والتوعية . [الإتحاد الوطنى الكردستانى سليمانية، 1958 .

– جيمس بكنجهام

رحلتى إلى العراق سنة 1816، ترجمة سليم طه التكرينى، المجمع العلمى العراق بغداد الجزء الأول، 1968، الجزء الثانى، 1969 .

– خليل على مراد

العراق فى العهد الثمانى الثانى، دراسة فى الإدارة العثمانية والحياة الإقتصادية 1638 – 1750 م، الرافدين بيروت لبنان .

– كرستن نيبور

الشرق بعيون نيبور، مشاهدات رحالة ألمانى عن الشرق منذ أكثر من 200 عام، المجلد مج، ع3، الوثيقة البحرين 1983 .

– كرستن نيبور

رحلة نيبور إلى العراق فى القرن الثامن عشر، ترجمة عن الألمانية محمود حسن الأمين، راجعه وعلق عليه ووضع فهارسه، سالم الألوسى سلسلة الكتب المترجمة .

– هشام سوادى هاشم

أربيل فى كتابات الرحالة الأجانب فى العهد العثمانى، مجلة التربية والعلم، العراق مج15، ع ـ 2008 .

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